When 133 cardinals enter the Sistine Chapel on 7 May, a rite will begin that has been the same for centuries – and yet raises new questions every time. The 2025 conclave is characterised by profound ecclesial and global challenges: from loss of trust to geopolitical tensions and expectations for a sustainable church. In the run-up to the papal election, the deliberations in the Vatican are already in their decisive phase. The cardinal electors under the age of 80 are currently discussing the requirements profile for the new head of the church with their older counterparts.
However, these tendencies can hardly be categorised as "conservative" or "progressive". In fact, the cardinals are faced with three key decisions: Should the Church have a second Francis - a pope of mercy who brings the margins to the centre? Or does it need a clear teacher of the faith who emphasises dogmatics more strongly again? Should the charism once again take a back seat to institution and law? And: How much synodality is theologically and canonically acceptable?
"The public attention on the conclave is historically justified - it is an old, fascinating ritual," explains Graz-based church historian Michaela Sohn-Kronthaler. "The term 'conclave' comes from the Latin cum clave - 'with the key'. It stands for secrecy, concentration and seriousness." The election is highly focussed on spirituality. "It is ritualised and characterised by secrecy," adds theologian Christian Wessely.
Long tradition meets modernity
The origins of the conclave date back to the 13th century: "Back then, after an agonisingly long vacancy of 1005 days, the cardinals literally had to be forced to conclude - they reduced the food and covered the roof. Only then did they agree on a compromise candidate," says Sohn-Kronthaler. The resulting constitution Ubi periculum from 1274 is considered one of the foundations for the election process. The history of the papal election is also a history of emancipation from secular influence: "With the decree In nomine Domini of 1059, the right to vote was transferred to the cardinals. Prior to this, the emperor, the people and the clergy in Rome had a say. The papal election process adapted to the respective requirements," says Sohn-Kronthaler.
Between progress and continuation: which church chooses itself?
Pope Francis, who died on 21 April, initiated structural reforms in recent years - including the appointment of women to leadership positions, such as Raffaella Petrini as head of government of the Vatican State, and the strengthening of synodal processes. "He showed that reforms are possible. He opened doors," says Sohn-Kronthaler.
Rome is now discussing whether this approach should be continued. "There is much to be said in favour of continuing the course started by Francis - not least through the targeted appointment of numerous cardinals from crisis regions, with an ecumenical or social profile," says Wessely. A candidate with both charisma and canonical clarity is being sought. Some cardinals are already being discussed.
Filmic resonance chamber: what "Conclave" makes visible - and what it doesn't
The 2024 feature film Conclave, based on Robert Harris' novel, combines political tension with ecclesiastical rituals. The film impresses with its imagery, music and dramaturgy. "The oath-taking, the casting of votes, the secrecy - it's very realistically realised," praises Wessely. The theologian, who specialises in media, adds that the direction and camera work are also incredibly good. In terms of content, however, critical comments remain. Sohn-Kronthaler: "The film is not a historical documentary - but a dramatisation that entertains, but can also irritate." The characterisation is "clichéd, but dramaturgically effective", says Wessely. Nevertheless, Conclave is suitable as a cultural resonance chamber. "The film is an impetus to deal with questions that also play a role in the real Vatican: Spheres of influence, transparency, distribution of power," says Sohn-Kronthaler.
A moment of decision - between heaven and earth
The 2025 conclave is more than just a sacred ritual - it is a global focal point for issues of our time. "The Church is faced with the task of mediating between tradition and transformation," says Wessely. And Sohn-Kronthaler summarises: "The election of a new pope must focus on the challenges facing the Catholic Church and society today, as well as the peacemaking role of religions."