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University of Graz News Wassermusik

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Thursday, 20 May 2021

Wassermusik

Neurobiologe Boris Chagnaud forscht mit kommunikativen Piranhas. Foto: Uni Graz/Schweiger

Neurobiologe Boris Chagnaud forscht mit kommunikativen Piranhas. Foto: Uni Graz/Schweiger

Der Sound der Piranhas: ZoologInnen der Uni Graz klären, wie sich Kommunikation der Fische entwickelte

Piranhas sind weder stumme Fische noch mörderische Bestien, sondern ganz schön kommunikativ. Wie es dazu überhaupt kam, konnten ZoologInnen der Universität Graz zusammen mit WissenschafterInnen der belgischen Universität Liège nun klären. Zur akustischen Verständigung hat sich im Laufe der Evolution bei den Tieren ein eigenes neuronales Netzwerk entwickelt, das Muskeln auf ihre Schwimmblase „trommeln“ lässt.

Stumm? Von wegen. Viele Fische produzieren Laute, um ihr Revier zu verteidigen und SexualpartnerInnen zu gewinnen. So auch die Piranhas, die sich vorrangig in südamerikanischen Gewässern tummeln – und keineswegs so gefährlich sind, wie in Horrorfilmen dargestellt, betont Neurobiologe Boris Chagnaud. Weitere Aufklärungsarbeit leistete er kürzlich in einem an den Universitäten Graz und Liège angesiedelten Forschungsprojekt.

„Piranhas erzeugen Töne durch die Vibration ihrer Schwimmblase, ausgelöst von der Kontraktion zweier Muskeln, die ursprünglich für das Schwimmen eingesetzt wurden“, erläutert Chagnaud, Professor am Institut für Biologie der Uni Graz. Das Besondere dabei, wie die WissenschafterInnen mit Hilfe von Muskelaktivitätsmessungen feststellen konnten: Neuronale Netzwerke für langsame, wechselweise durchgeführte Muskel-Kontraktion, die für die Fortbewegung notwendig sind, veränderten sich allmählich zu Netzwerken für eine sehr schnelle, gleichzeitige Anspannung von Muskeln. Diese Veränderung im Aktivitätsmuster der Muskel erlaubt den Piranhas komplexe akustische Signale hervorzubringen.
Boris Chagnaud begründet: „Wir konnten zeigen, dass sich im Laufe der Evolution aus dem zentralen Nervensystem im Rückenmark eine eigene motorische Kontrolle herausgebildet hat, die für die Fähigkeit der Lauterzeugung verantwortlich ist.“

>> So hören sich Piranhas an

>> Publikation

 

created by Andreas Schweiger

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Electrifying: Researchers film the first moments on the way from light to electricity

Physicists at the University of Graz (Austria), in collaboration with colleagues from Marburg University and Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany), have achieved a scientific breakthrough. For the first time, the generation of electrical energy from light has been filmed and described theoretically. This work is of far-reaching significance, not least for optimising sustainable energy production from photovoltaics. This is because it provides fundamental building blocks for understanding the physical processes that take place, for example, in organic solar cells. The paper was published in the journal Physical Review X, one of the world’s most prestigious physics journals.

University of Graz: Working together to make Styria a sustainable centre of learning

Round table calls for sustainable funding for the 2028–2030 performance agreement period between the five Styrian universities and the federal government.

How can we teach using YouTube and AI? The University of Graz is strengthening media education in schools

A journey through the blood vessels using VR headsets brings biology lessons to life. An interactive quiz brings physics to life. The YouTube video explains the First World War. Whilst mobile phones are increasingly being banned from the classroom, social media platforms, apps and AI are playing an ever-greater role in knowledge transfer at school. But how can teaching with media be made even more effective? What are the challenges in media-based teaching? At the University of Graz, researchers are discussing these issues at a conference being held in Austria for the first time.

Jurassic Sounds: Biologist reconstructs insect songs from 165 million years ago

It was apparently not just the roars of the dinosaurs that made up the soundscape of the animal world during the Jurassic period. Crickets and grasshoppers communicated through a variety of songs and high-pitched sounds, as Thorin Jonsson from the Institute of Biology at the University of Graz discovered together with colleagues from the universities of Lincoln, Bristol (UK), Beijing (China) and Tempe (USA). The findings on what are so far the oldest traces of sound on Earth have just been published in the journal PNAS.

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