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POELT, J. & OBERMAYER, W. 1990: Über Thallosporen bei einigen Krustenflechten. - Herzogia 8: 273 - 288.
Thallospores, hitherto (almost) exclusively known from several species within the genus Umbilicaria, occur also in crustaceous lichens, belonging to different families. They arise from parts of the thallus which morphologically represent a primary or secondary prothallus, and they are surprisingly uniform in structure and colour. The following thallosporogenous taxa are treated: Protoparmelia leproloma, Protoparmelia nephaea, Rhizoplaca peltata, Rhizoplaca melanophthalma, Sporastatia testudinea var. karakorina. In Protoparmelia the thallospores seem to be the more important diaspores. Accordingly, fully developed ascocarps are quite rare. Within the other species, thallospores are developed as supplementary diaspores, possibly only under extreme environmental conditions. - Protoparmelia nephaea is a new combination, Sporastatia testudinea var. karakorina is described as a new variety.
The scarcely differentiated thalli of the basidiolichen Multiclavula vernalis spec. coll. form +-spherical bulbils as vegetative diaspores, often in large numbers. These mainly consist of +-numerous inflated hyphal cells and a thin cortex composed of hyphae. One or a few groups of symbiotic algae are incorporated in the bulbils, usually eccentric and primarily near the base. In structure the bulbils are definitly different from the goniocysts froming the thallus of some lichenized Omphalina-species.
The lichen genus Bryonora (Lecanoraceae) now consists of 11 species with 15 taxa (including varietis). The East-Himalayas are the center of diversity up to know but thoroughly examination of the mountains of West-China should expand the scene of the genus in morphological and geographical sense. The genus is now devided into 3 sections, which can be distinguished morphologically and chemically and they show a distinct difference in the tendendy of evolution. Remarkable are the development of fruticose or fruticose-foliose thalli within the Sect. Stipitantes and the complex structures of pseudocyphellae in Br. stipitata, furtheron the chemical differantiation into groups with norstictic acid or lobaric acid or usnic acid respectively isouscnic acid as the main content. - The characters are discussed, the species are keyed out and described. New taxa are: Br. castanea var. euryspora, which differs from the typical variety by larger spores, and Br. pulvinar from the higher parts of the Himalayas with fruticose-foliose growth consisting of a typical variety with large spores and a small-spored taxon (var. microspora).
The lichen Lecanora somervellii Paulson, first described from the northern slopes of Mt Everest in Tibet, has been collected at four other localities in the High Himalayas, at altitudes between 3750 and 5540 m. As the type material apperas to be missing, a neotype is designated here. The species has an unusual lemon yellow colour due to the pigment calycin; this compound is in addition to usnic acid, which is widespread in Lecanora. Lecanora somervellii is otherwise very similar in essential characters to the complex including Lecanora concolor Ram. and L. orbicularis (Schaerer) Vainio, high alpine species well-known, for example, from the Alps. It is supposed, that L. somervellii is derived from this aggregate by the production of calycin (in addition to usnic acid), which acts as an additional protective pigment at these very high altitudes.
Rinodina poeltiana, a corticolous blastidiate species with Pachysporaria-type ascospores, hitherto only known from one locality of Austria, is described as new. The characters of the new species are compared with those of closely related taxa. Furthermore a key to all the blastidiate and sorediate corticolous Rinodina species in Austria is given.
612 lichens and 51 lichenicolous fungi are reported from the 'Seetaler Alpen' (Styria, Austria). Some of them are apparently new to Styria or even new to Central Europe. About 30 species of different lichen genera have been analysed by thin layer chromatography. Siliceous rocks are dominant in the studied area (650 - 2396 m), but some marble outcrops occur. Especially in the valley of Neumarkt a more continental climate favours the occurence of moderately xerothermic lichen associations. 'Oceanic' lichen elements are either misssing or restricted to localities with a favourable microclimate. A new combination is proposed: Carbonea distans (Krempelh.) Hafellner & Obermayer.
Six species of the genus Rinodina with thalli and/or discs PD+ orange due to the presence of pannarin are hitherto recognized in Eurasia. One is saxicolous, R. santorinensis, and five are corticolous, R. dalmatica, R. efflorescens, R. excrescens, R. granulans and R. pruinella. Notes on the taxonomy of R. granulans are provided. Descriptions and illustrations of this species and the also poorly understood R. excrescens are included. A key to the treated species is given. Other known species containing pannarin are briefly discussed.
Lecanora leptacinella Nyl. in Norrl. (non Harm.) and Lecidea polytrichina Hertel (syn. Lecanora p. (Th.Fr. Vain.) mainly parasitize Polytrichum spp. and Racomitrium lanuginosum (Hedw.) Brid. resp. Contrary to other mosses attacked by lichens, these bryophytes have a rather loose, caespitose habit, which forces the lichens to colonize each leave separately, overgrowing both upper and lower surface. The cellwalls of the hosts swell up, bleach out and finally almost disappear. The two species are described and their localities hitherto known are listed. Both lichens, which show an arctic and arctic-alpine distribuiion respectively, have been overlooked for a long time. - Lecidea polytrichinella Hertel, Obermayer & Poelt, which shows a quite similar ecology and distribution, is described as new. - A dichotomous key to the three species and some accompanying crustose lichens is provided.
The taxa of the genus Arthrorhaphis Th.Fr. in Europe and Greenland are revised. Five species are recognized: Arhtorhaphis alpina (Schaerer) R. Santesson in D. Hawksworth, P. James & Coppins, A. citrinella (Acharius) Poelt, A. grisea Th.Fr., A. muddii W. Obermayer and A. vacillans Th.Fr. & Almquist es Th. Fries. Arthrorhaphis fuscoreagens (Vainio) Poelt is regarded as synonym of A. grisea. A. mudii W. Obermayer (previously often identified as A. fuscoreagens) living in Dibaeis baeomyces (Syn.: Baeomyces roseus), is described as new. Lectotypes for Arthrorhaphis alpina, A. citrinella and A. grisea are designated. - The occurence of Ca-oxalate-crystals in the medulla proved to be an important character of diagnostic value to separate even sterile thalli of A. alpina and A. vacillans (both with crystals) from A. citrinella (without medullary crystals). - The attack of the host-algae by the hyphae of Arthrorhaphis often causes the production of autospores and probably a striking change in algal morphology, characterized by the development of a gelatinous coat. - Extensive pH-measurements of the substrate for the yellow species of Arthrorhaphis have been made for the first time. Most acidophilous is A. citrinella, followed by A. alpina (on somehow Ca-influenced substrates) and A. vacillans (on calcareous substrates). This gradual correlation with soil acidity is also connected with a tendency towards shorter spores, a reduction of the number of septa and the production of Ca-oxalate-crystals in the medulla.
Neonorrlinia trypetheliza, hitherto regarded as a lichenized fungus, has turned out to be a lichenicolous Cercidospora species on Arthrorhaphis, thus the Arthrorhaphidaceae becoming monotypic and Neonorrlinia becoming a synonym of Cercidospora. Types of misinterpreted relationships between lichens and lichenicolous fungi are discussed. Cercidospora soror Obermayer & Triebel and Stigmidium arthrorhaphidis Hafellner & Obermayer, both lichenicolous on Arthrorhaphis, are new to science. A key to fungi growing on Arthrorhaphis is provided.
Rhizocarpon mosigiae is described from the Tyrolian Alps (Austria). The species grows as a parasite on Rimularia (syn. Mosigia) gibbosa and forms small, island-like thalli in the host.
As a result of the BLAM-meeting (Bryologisch-Lichenologische Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Mitteleuropa) in the Oberinntal (Tyrol, 1991), a list of 598 lichens and lichenicolous fungi is presented. Some of the taxa were either not yet known from the Alps or have to be regarded as rare in the Eastern Alps. The list includes records of Amylora cervinocuprea, Aspicilia capituligera, Caloplaca lobulata, C. tominii, Candelariella lutella, Cercidospora ulothii, Corticifraga fuckelii, Glypholecia scabra, Gypsoplaca macrophylla, Hobsonia christiansenii, Illosporium carneum, Lecanora perpruinosa, Lecidea leucothallina, Lopadium pezizoideum, Melaspilea erythrinella, Skyttea tephromelarum, Spirographa fusisporella, Stereocaulon symphycheilum, S. tornense, Stigmidium arhtoniae, Teloschistes contortuplicatus, Toninia albilabra, T. taurica, Trimmatothele perquisita, Umbilicaria ruebeliana, Zwackhiomyces martinatianus.
Pleopsidium discurrens (Zahlbr.) Obermayer comb. nova, hitherto known only from the type and paratype localities in NW Yunnan and SW Sichuan, has been discovered in SE Tibet. Morphological characters, which separate it from other taxa of Pleopsidium Koerber emend. Hafellner, TLC data and ecological notes are provided. A lectotype of Acarospora discurrens Zahlbr. is selected.
Analysis of 22 lichens from the Himalayas gave the following carotenoids: a-carotene, b-carotene, b-cryptoxanthin, lutein, 3'-epilutein, hydroxyechinenone, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, lycopene-5,6-epoxide, lutein epoxide, antheraxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, flavoxanthin, mutatoxanthin, capsochrome, apo-6'-lycopenal and b-apo-10'carotenal. - The total content of carotenoids ranged from 46.94 (Parmelaria thomsonii) to 123.80 µg g-1 dry wt. (Alectoria ochroleuca).
The yellow coloured taxa of the genus Arthrorhaphis (i.e. A. alpina var. alpina, A. alpina var. jungens, A. citrinella and A. vacillans) have been revised for the Himalaya Range, the Karakorum and for the south-east Tibetan fringe-mountains. Arthrorhaphis alpina var. jungens, usually overgrowing sandy soil, appears to be a rather abundant ground lichen on open alpine (Kobresia-)meadows, often associated with other (weakly) calciphilous crusts, like Megaspora verrucosa, Phaeorrhiza nimbosa, Ph. sareptana, Psora decipiens or several Toninia species. Arthrorhaphis vacillans (with generally similar ecological requirements) and A. alpina var. alpina (in more sheltered localities) are less frequent. Arthrorhaphis citrinella (growing on mosses or decaying plants rather than over pure soil) is much more scarce in the study area than in the European Alps.
All species of the genus Lethariella (e.g. L. canariensis, L. cashmeriana, L. cladonioides, L. flexuosa, L. intricata, L. mieheana, L. sernanderi, L. smithii, L. togashii, L. zahlbruckneri) have been subjected to TLC-analyses. Lethariella mieheana, a pendulous taxon with psoromic acid in the medulla, is described as new. Lethariella smithii (Basionym: Usnea smithii) is proposed as a new combination. A key to the taxa, mainly based on differences in chemistry and growth-form, is provided. New information on the reproductive characters of L. intricata and species of the subgenus Chlorea is given. Several taxa of the subgenus Chlorea are reported from numerous new collection sites in Tibet and adjacent areas.
The distribution of the genera Anaptychia, Heterodermia, Hyperphyscia and Phaeophyscia (Physciaceae) in Austria is presented in form of grid maps. The patterns of distribution are explicable by the description of the ecological range of the treated species.
As a result of the BLAM-meeting (Bryologisch-Lichenologische Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Mitteleuropa) in Ötztal (Tyrol, 1993) a list of 482 lichens and 39 lichenicolous fungi is presented. Some of the taxa are very rare in the Alps and are new either ot Austria or to Tyrol. The list includes records of some remarkable species, e.g. Acarospora praeruptorum, A. pyrenopsoides, Arthonia epimela, A. excentrica, A. nephromaria, A. pelvetii, Baeomyces carneus, Bryonora pruinosa, Buellia hypophana, Cetraria obtusata, Collema glebulentum, Henrica ramulosa, Lecidea obluridata, Leptogium byssinum, L. intermedium, Lichinella stipatula, Peltigera occidentalis, Peltula laciniata, Physcia vitii, Physconia detersa, Placynthium rosulans, Polyblastia moravica, Pyrenopsis grumilifera, P. sanguinea and P. triptococca.
Three yellow colored Arthrorhaphis-taxa (Arthrorhaphisalpina, A. citrinella, and A. vacillans) are floristically treated for Greenland. A key and a distribution map are included. In addition, short descriptions are provided for these taxa as well as for three lichenicolous fungi on Arthrorhaphis, Cercidospora soror, C. trypetheliza, and Merismatium decolorans, all of which are reported as new to Greenland.
The depsidone 2-methoxypsoromic acid: (4-formyl-3-hydroxy-2,8-dimethoxy-1,9-dimethyl-11-oxo-11H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxepin-6-carboxylic acid) (9) has been identified in several lichen species. The structure of compound (9) followed from a combination of spectroscopic data.
The new depsidone 2-hydroxyvirensic acid (4-formyl-2,3,8-trihydroxy-1,6,9-trimethyl-11-oxo-11H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxepin-7-carboxylic acid) (6) has been isolated from a chemical race of the lichen Sulcaria sulcata and the structure (6) deduced from a combination of spectroscopic data.
The holotype material of Lethariella sinensis Wei & Jiang is a mixture of two chemically distinct taxa, one containing psoromic acid, the other containing norstictic acid. The former is chosen as lectotype and, as a result, L. mieheana Obermayer becomes a synonyme of L. sinensis. Additional Lethariella specimens from Tibet have also been subjected to TLC analaysis, and the results are presented.
McCUNE, B. & OBERMAYER, W. 2001: Typification of Hypogymnia hypotrypa and H. sinica. - Mycotaxon 79: 23 - 27.
Hypogymnia hypotrypella is reduced to synonymy with H. hypotrypa. Hypogymnia flavida is described as a new species of lichenized fungi from east Asia, the esorediate counterpart of H. hypotrypa. Hypogymnia sinica is resurrected from synonymy with H. pseudohypotrypa.
RANDLANE, T., SAAG, A. & OBERMAYER, W. 2001: Cetrarioid lichens containing usnic acid from the Tibetan area. - Mycotaxon 80: 389 - 425.
A floristic study of the yellow cetrarioid lichens containing usnic acid (fam. Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) which are found in Tibet and neighbouring areas is presented. Typical characters, chemical constituents and distribution data are eported for all 26 species from seven genera (Allocetraria, Cetraria, Cetreliopsis, Flavocetraria, Nephromopsis, Tuckneraria and Vulpicida). Complete descirptions are provided for several taxa which have not been included in recent reviews of the cetrarioid genera. Two identification keys for taxa - both at generic and species level - have been compiled. Worldwide distribution maps are presented for the first time for some Allocetraria, Cetraria, Cetreliopsis and Tuckneraria species.
A new depsidone, 2-hydroxyconvirensic acid, has been detecte in a chemical race of the lichen Sulcaria sulcata, and the structure confirmed by partial organic synthesis.
The lichens Siphula himalayensis (Räsänen) Kantvilas and Lecanora teretiuscula Zahlbr., both recorded from the Southeast Himalayas and adjacent Tibetan regions, are regarded to be conspecific with the widespread Arctic-alpine species Lecanora geophila (Th.Fr.) Poelt. The chemical constituents of this lichen include usnic acid, zeorin, traces of methylplacodiolic acid, some fatty acids, and, frequently in Asian specimens, porphyrilic acid. The development of a fruticose habit by normally crustose genera and species growing under extreme environmental conditions is discussed briefly.
Intensive lichenological field work was performed in recent years in the Hochschwab mountains (Austria, Styria), the results of which are presented below. A species list of 640 taxa accompanied by data on their distribution and autecology constitutes the main part of the text. The lichen flora is mainly that of a central European limestone mountain range. A few species are shortly commented and for some of them additional localities are presented. Cetrelia monachorum, Gyalideopsis helvetica, Roselliniella nephromatis and Sphaerellothecium cladoniae are reported from Austria for the first time. Sphaerellothecium cladoniae is also reported as addition to the floras of Germany, Italy and Slovenia. The lichens Normandina acroglypta, Rhizocarpon subpostumum and Usnea lapponica as well as the nonlichenized ascomycete Poetschia buellioides represent new records for the province of Styria. The new combinations Protoparmeliopsis admontensis (Zahlbr.) Hafellner and Sphaerellothecium cladoniae (Alstrup & Zhurb.) Hafellner are proposed.